California Mission San Diego de Alcala - Photorealistic - Paper Model Project Kit
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Free History For Your Report
Mission San Diego de AlcalĆ”Ā (Saint Didacus of AlcalĆ”)
A brief historyThe Mission San Diego de Alcala is the 1st mission founded in California. It was founded on June 16th,Ā 1769 by Friar Junipero Serra. It was moved from Presidio Hill above Old Town to present site in 1774,Ā was burned in an Indian attack in 1775, rebuilt in 1780, destroyed in an earthquake in 1803, restored andĀ enlarge in 1813. The present building is a restoration of the 1813 church that was rebuilt in 1931.
Named for Saint Didacus, or Diego, was born in 1400, in the Spanish Province of Andalusia. He becameĀ a member of the Franciscan Order of Airizafa and there took the habit of a lay brother. The youngĀ Franciscan Brother taught Christianity and converted the natives to the Faith in the Canary Islands. InĀ 1450, Didacus journeyed to Rome. There, Didacus took charge of the infirmary of the Friary of AraĀ Caeli, where he was engaged in nursing many sick friars, some of whom were said to have miraculouslyĀ recovered through his care. He returned to Spain and lived for thirteen years at Alcala in Castile whereĀ he took ill and died on November 12, 1463. He was canonized in 1588 for the many miracles attributedĀ to him.
Father Junipero Serra, a 56 year old, 5ā2ā 120 pound Franciscan priest from Majorca, Spain was chosenĀ Superior of the Franciscans and Gaspar de Portola was the military leader of the first expedition to buildĀ a series of missions. On June 29th, Father Serra arrived in San Diego to join the five expeditions sentĀ from New Spain (Mexico). On July 16, 1769 the first of twenty one missions that make up the chain ofĀ mission along the El Camino Real or Kings Highway was first established on a hill overlooking the bay,Ā that hill is now known as Presidio Hill. Each of the missions was built to be one day's walk apart.
The settlement had many problems the first year. The natives came only to accept gifts and to takeĀ unguarded possessions. The supposedly removed sheets from people in the hospital and even tried toĀ cut the sails from the San Carlos, one of the ships that brought the expedition. The natives made fun ofĀ the padres and the soldiers until the mission was attacked. The soldiers responded with gunfire and twoĀ Spaniards died, three were wounded and at least three of the attackers were killed.
Even thought he padres healed the wounded natives, conversions was still not occurring. One nativeĀ boy who helped the padres learn his language, was persuaded to convince a father to bring his child toĀ be baptized. When the father appeared with child, Father Serra gathered the community and before heĀ could complete the ceremony another native snatched the child and left. Father Serra was much grievedĀ by this incident.
This mission was almost abandoned that first year do to the lack of supplies and the illness that depletedĀ the menās strength. Fortunately a relief ship, the San Antonio, arrived finally and the mission endured.
Five years later the mission was relocated its present site six miles east, under Father Luis Jayme andĀ approved by Father President Serra in August of 1774 to obtain a better supply of water, more fertile soilĀ and to get away from the Spanish military presence that intimidated the Native Americans. The new siteĀ was close to the San Diego River and the American Indian villages.
Although Father Jayme had established a rapport with the local American Indians, two of the missionĀ Indians became discontented with the rules and regulations and they incited eight hundred to storm theĀ grounds in the middle of the night on November 4th, 1775. The mission was burned to the ground andĀ Father Jayme was killed and became Californiaās first Christian Martyr and is now buried under the alterĀ of the present church.
The padres, under Father Serra who returned to supervise, rebuilt the mission according to army fortĀ specifications. By 1780 most of the reconstruction of the Mission and its outbuilding was completed.Ā The church and other buildings were arranged in a quadrangle around a patio.
In 1807 work was begun on a dam 6 miles upriver that would provide the necessary water for theĀ mission to flourish. The dam was complete in 1816 and evidence can still be seen today.
This is the fifth church on this site. The church was enlarged over the years to accommodate the growingĀ population of neophytes (baptized American Indians). In 1812, as the fourth church was being built, aĀ devastating earthquake damaged and destroyed several other missions. In 1813, the church was enlargedĀ and the present church, rebuilt in 1931, mirrors it. Buttress wings were added during the 1813Ā enlargement to stabilize the faƧade in the even of an earthquake.
The beginning of the end of the Mission System came in 1821 when Mexico gained its independenceĀ from Spain. During the Mexican Occupation of California, the Act of Secularization caused the MissionĀ San Diego to be given over to Santiago Arguello.
After the United States acquired this area from Mexico, two companies of the artillery occupied theĀ mission beginning in November 1853. For the next several years, various companies of artillery andĀ cavalry were at the mission until 1858 or early 1859. The army used the adobe church as a stable forĀ their horses. They made some repairs and added a second floor to the church. Subsequently, the missionĀ was abandoned for several years.
In 1862, 22 acres of the Mission lands were restored to the Church by order of President AbrahamĀ Lincoln.
In 1892, the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondolet moved onto the mission compound and conducted anĀ American Indian childrens' school for seventeen years.
In 1931, only the faƧade was still standing and the mission was rebuilt to mirror the 1813 church.Ā The present Mission Church was named a minor basilica by Pope Paul VI in the bicentennial year ofĀ 1976. A basilica is a church of very important historical significance. Only four of the CaliforniaĀ missions are basilicas: Mission San Francisco de Asis (Dolores), Mission San Carlos Borromeo, MissionĀ San Diego and most recently, Mission San Juan Capistrano.
It serves today as an active parish for the Catholic community.
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